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CCNASUMMARY

来源: 作者: 出处:巧巧读书 2006-03-05 进入讨论组
QQRead:http://www.qqread.com/network/tech/p269431.html
  CCNA study 
  
  OSI Model 
  
  Application 
  File, print, message, database, and applications 
  Determines availability of the target host. 
  Www, email, ftp, telnet, edi, quake 
  
  Presentation 
  Data Encryption, compression, and translation services 
  Determines the syntax of the data transfer. 
  Pict, tiff, jpeg, midi, mpeg, quicktime, etc 
  
  Session 
  Dialog control, coordinates the comunications 
  Nfs, sql, rpc, x windows, asp (appletalk session protocol), DNA SCP (
  digital
  whatzit) 
  
  Transport 
  End-to-end communication 
  Responsible for hiding the communications from the higher layers. 
  TCP / UDP 
  
  Network 
  Routing 
  IP / ICMP, BootP, ARP, RARP 
  Routers 
  
  Data Link 
  Framing 
  Ethernet II, 802.5 (token ring), 802.3, 802.2 (802.3 with dsap and ssa
  p logical
  link control fields) 
  Media access control: MAC: 48 bits, 3 bytes vendor + 3 bytes serial nu
  mber 
   
  
  WAN: 
  
  High-level datalink control HDLC (cisco default for serial links) 
  Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC (uses polling) 
  Link Access Procedure, Balanced LAPB 
  x.25, slip, ppp, isdn, Frame Relay 
  Bridges / Switches 
  Physical 
  Wire?nbsp;
  v.24, v.35, x.21, g.703, hssi, etc 
  Repeaters / Hubs 
   
   
  
  DOD Model 
  
  Process/application ?nbsp; application, presentation, session 
  Host-to-host ?nbsp; transport 
  Internet  ?nbsp; network 
  Network access ?nbsp; Datalink / physical 
   
  
  LAN 
  
  Ethernet 
   802.3 CSMA/CD | Ethernet_II |  802.2 
   10base2/thinnet: 185 meters 
   10base5/thicknet: 500 meters 
   10baseT: can run above 10Mbps 200ish meters 
    5-4-3 rule: 5 segments, 4 repeaters, 3 segments populated 
   100BaseTX: 100 meters, up to 2 repeaters. Packets between 512 and
  1518.
  
  FDDI 
   100 Mbps 
   token passing with dual counter-rotating rings 
  
  Token-ring 
   802.5 
   4 / 16 Mbps 
  
  ATM 
   53-byte cells 
  
  Flow Control 
  
      Contention: CSMA/CD : Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Collision 
  Detect
      Token Passing: Token Ring, Fiddi 
      Polling: SDLC, some HDLC, some HP ethernet stuff 
  
  SWITCHING 
  
   Store ?nbsp;and ?nbsp;forward 
   Buffers whole frame before forwarding 
  
   Cut-Through 
   Forward frame as soon as destination address is available 
  
   Fragment Free 
   Does Cut-Through after 64 bytes are received to stop collision packe
  ts from
  being forwarded. 
  
   802.1d Spanning-Tree Protocol STP 
   detect and eliminates loops in routed network 
  
   STA: Spanning Tree Algorithm 
   Sends out BPDUs: Bridge protocol data units 
   
  
  VLAN: 
  
  Virtual Lans 
  
  Create 'logical' networks by location, function or department.. Or pro
  tocol, or
  whatever. 
  Done with a switch using Frame-Tagging (can be used between switches I
  f you
  have ISL inter-switch link) Frame-Tagging uses unique user-defined id
  entifiers
  while within the switch fabric, and is very scalable. 
   
  
  TCP/IP 
  
  Port numbers: 
   
  
      TCP: protocol number 6 
      ftp: 21 
      telnet: 23 
      smtp: 25 
      UDP: protocol number 17 
      Dns: 53 
      Tftp: 69 
      Snmp: 161 
  
  TCP Addressing: 
   
  
      0-255: public assigned 
      256 ?nbsp;1023: assigned to companies 
      1023+ user defined / source addresses 
  
  IP Addressing: 
  
  Class leading bits decimal range of first byte 
  A 0 1-127 
  B 10 128-191 
  C 100 192-223 
  Learn the rest of the stuff? Way out of scope of this. 
  
  NOTE: 
  Cisco considers the mask to be the bits beyond what is 'normal' for th
  at class
  address, not the entire number of bits in the subnet mask, sometimes?
   
   
   
  
  IPX 
  
  Protocl Stack: 
   
  
   1. Application, presentation, session - RIP, SAP, NCP, NLSP, etc?nbsp;
   2. Transport  - IPX, SPX 
   3. Network  - IPX 
   4. Data link  - ODL Open Data Link 
   5. Physical   - whatever 
  
  
  IPX 
  
   Connectionless, and communicates via sockets 
   Each host runs its own internal ipx network in addition to any lan n
  etwork 
   Addressing: 
    10 byte address 
    first 4 bytes are network ?nbsp;need to be unique, otherwise whatever..
   
    Last 6 bytes are node - usually just use the MAC address 
  
  SPX 
  
   Sequence Packet eXchange 
   Connection oriented protocol 
   Creates virtual circuits, with specific connection Ids 
   
  
  RIP 
  
   Routing information protocol 
   Distance vector protocol that establishes routes between ipx network
  s 
   Judges based on ticks (1/18 second units) and hops 
   Broadcast every 60 seconds 
   Used to provide each server with a complete network map 
  
  SAP 
   Service advertising protocol 
   Servers use it to advertise, clients use it to locate services 
   Broadcast every 60 seconds 
  
  NLSP 
   NetWare Link Services Protocol 
   Link-state protcol to replace RIP and SAP someday?nbsp;
  
  NCP 
   NetWare Core Protocol 
   Provides access to server resources 
   
  
  Netware in a nutshell 
   
  
   1. Strict client-server model (nobody is both) 
   2. Servers provide files, printing, messaing, applications, and data
  bases 
   3. Every netware server (or cisco router) creates a SAP table of all
  services
     offered by all servers 
   4. A client issues a GNS (GetNearestServer request) broadcast to fin
  d out
     what is on the local SAP 
  
  
  Netware frame types  &  Features 
   
  
   1.802.3 default on NetWare 3.11 
   2.802.2 default on NetWare 3.12+ 
   3.ethernet_ii  -  supports tcp/ip and ipx 
   4.ethernet_SNAP -  appletalk, tcp/ip, and ipx 
  
  
  Routing Protocols 
  
  RIP: 
  
   Routing Information Protocol 
   Distance ?nbsp;vector routing protocol 
   Updates every 30 seconds 
   Route invalid timer 90 seconds: time before route considered invalid
  . 
   Route flush timer: 240 seconds: route removed from table 
   Can use metrics (1-15) to weight against some interfaces 
   15 hop limit 
  
  OSPF: 
  
  Open Shortest Path First 
  Link-state routing 
  Very infrequent broadcast updates 
  Extremely granular metrics 
  
  NLSP: 
  
  Novell's Link State Protocol 
  Link-state 
  
  IGRP: 
  
  Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (cisco proprietary) 
  Distance-vector 
  Metrics and hop count from 1-255 
  Measures delay in units of 10 milliseconds 
  Mea进入讨论组讨论。
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