第 1 章 WAN协议(HDLC)
1.1 HDLC协议概述
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与其它厂商不兼容
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快速,高效
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支持keepalive机制
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支持SLARP
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支持STAC
Cisco路由器默认的串口封装即为HDLC,可以通过show interface serial 1/0的输出看到默认的设置:
例1-1 通过show interface serial 1/0的输出结果:
Serial1/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Hardware is M4T
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, crc 16, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Restart-Delay is 0 secs
Last input never, output never, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: weighted fair
Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)
Conversations 0/0/256 (active/max active/max total)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
1 carrier transitions DCD=down DSR=down DTR=up RTS=up CTS=down
接口的详细参数可以参考本人blog上的《通过串行接口的信息获得故障诊断帮助》一文。
HDLC需要的控制开销很小,1个位和一个结束标志字段,一个可变地址字段,一个控制字段和一个信息长度字段。整个数据帧长度控制在7-12个byte。
利用keepalive机制验证连接完整性,DCE端发送序列号到DTE端,DTE按顺序返回,如果序列号连续丢失3次,即关闭此链路。例1-2中可以看到链路由于没有收到keepalive信号返回而断开。使用debug serial interface 命令看到相关的keepalive信息。
例1-2 HDLC帧上没有收到keepalive
R1#debug serial interface
Serial network interface debugging is on
01:05:47: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 6, mineseen 6, yourseen 2, line up ßkeepalive KA
01:12:11: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 7, mineseen 6, yourseen 2, line up ßKA not received
01:12:21: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 8, mineseen 6, yourseen 2, line down ßstill not KA
01:12:31: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 9, mineseen 6, yourseen 2, line down
01:12:32: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1/0, changed state to down
01:12:41: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 10, mineseen 6, yourseen 2, line down
例1-2中,序列号myseq字段与mineseen字段不匹配,相差大于3,表明keepalive已经丢失3次以上,即重新初始化该链路。另一台路由器的keepalive在yourseen字段中显示。例1-3显示了解决些问题后的调试结果:
例1-3 正常工作时的HDLC链路调试结果
01:20:11: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 55, mineseen 0*, yourseen 1, line up
01:20:12: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1/0, changed state to up
01:20:21: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 56, mineseen 56*, yourseen 2, line up
01:20:31: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 57, mineseen 57*, yourseen 3, line up
01:20:41: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 58, mineseen 58*, yourseen 4, line up
01:20:51: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 59, mineseen 59*, yourseen 5, line up
01:21:01: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 60, mineseen 60*, yourseen 6, line up
01:21:11: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 61, mineseen 61*, yourseen 7, line up
01:21:21: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 62, mineseen 62*, yourseen 8, line up
01:21:31: Serial1/0: HDLC myseq 63, mineseen 63*, yourseen 9, line up
只有链路的layer 1正常工作时,交换keepalive机制才有效。如果DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up这些项中有一项是down状态,keepalive就不工作。
HDLC通过使用STAC压缩算法支持有效载荷压缩。使用的是压缩技术是Lempel-Ziv压缩算法,能提供良好压缩率,但是占用CPU资源。也适用于LAPB、X.25和帧中继。
HDLC是串口的默认封装,可以分为3个步骤:
第1步 encapsulation hdlc 配置数据封装格式为HDLC
第2步 clock rate clock_speed 对DCE端设备设置时钟,在背背实验时设置
第3步 compression stac 配置压缩(可选)
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